1 What action does a link-state router take immediately upon receipt of an LSP from a neighboring router?
• floods the LSP to neighbors
calculates the SPF algorithm
runs the Bellman-Ford algorithm
computes the best path to the destination network
2 Why is it difficult for routing loops to occur in networks that use link-state routing?
Each router builds a simple view of the network based on hop count.
Routers flood the network with LSAs to discover routing loops.
• Each router builds a complete and synchronized view of the network.
Routers use hold-down timers to prevent routing loops.
3
Refer to the exhibit. What kind of information would be seen in an LSP sent from router JAX to router ATL?
hop count
uptime of the route
• cost of the link
a list of all the routing protocols in use
4 To achieve network convergence, what three steps does each link state router take? (Choose three.)
use automatic summarization to reduce the size of routing tables
• build a Link State Packet (LSP) containing the state of each directly connected link
• flood the LSP to all neighbors, who then store all LSPs received in a database
discover neighbors and establish adjacencies using the hello packet sent at regular intervals
• construct a complete map of the topology and compute the best path to each destination network
use the DUAL FSM to select efficient, loop-free paths, and insert routes into the routing table
5
Refer to the exhibit. When Router D is configured to use a link-state routing protocol and is added to the network, what is the first thing that it does to begin learning the network topology?
It sends LSP packets to Routers B and C.
It sends LSP packets to all routers in the network.
It sends Hello packets to all routers in the network.
It sends information about its directly connected neighbors to Routers A and E.
It sends information about its directly connected neighbors to all routers in the network.
• It learns about its directly connected networks when its interfaces reach the up state.
6 A new network administrator is given the task of selecting an appropriate dynamic routing protocol for a software development company. The company has over 100 routers, uses CIDR and VLSM, requires fast convergence, and uses both Cisco and non-Cisco equipment. Which routing protocol is appropriate for this company?
RIP version 2
IGRP
EIGRP
• OSPF
BGP
7 What two events will cause a link state router to send LSPs to all neighbors? (Choose two.)
30 second timer expires
• whenever the network topology changes
immediately after the Bellman-Ford algorithm has run
immediately after the DUAL FSM has built the topology database
• upon initial startup of router or routing protocol
8 What is the final step in the link state routing process?
successors are placed into the routing table
• SPF computes best path to each destination network
LSPs are flooded to all neighbors to converge the network
DUAL algorithm is run to find best path to destination networks
9
Refer to the exhibit. What does JAX do with link-state packets from ORL?
sends out its updated routing table to both ORL and BOS routers
• sends out the individual link-state packets out the interface connected to BOS
queries BOS to see if it has a better route
only adds it to the local routing table and performs no other actions
10 What two statements correctly describe the link state routing process? (Choose two.)
• each router in the area floods LSPs to all neighbors
• all routers in the area have identical link state databases
LSPs use the reserved multicast address of 224.0.0.10 to reach neighbors
routing loops are prevented by running the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)
Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP) is the protocol used by for the delivery and reception of LSPs
11 Which database or table must be identical on all link-state routers within an area in order to construct an accurate SPF tree?
routing table
adjacency table
• link-state database
neighbor table
topology database
12
Refer to the exhibit. Which statement correctly describes the path traffic would take from the 10.0.0.0/24 network to the 192.168.1.0/24 network if a link-state routing protocol was in use?
BOS -> ATL because this path is the least hops
BOS -> ATL because this path is highest cost
• BOS -> ORL -> JAX -> ATL because this path is the lowest cost
traffic would load balance across all links
13 What feature do modern link-state protocols provide to minimize processing and memory requirements?
• splitting routing topologies into smaller areas
assigning lower process priorities to route calculations
using update timers to restrict routing updates
strict split horizon rules to reduce routing table entries
14 What speeds up convergence in a network using link-state routing?
• updates triggered by network changes
updates sent at regular intervals
updates sent only to directly connected neighbors
updates that include complete routing tables
15 Which algorithm is run by link-state routing protocols to calculate the shortest path to destination networks?
DUAL
• Dijkstra
Bellman-Ford
Diffie-Hellman
16 What are some of the advantages of using a link-state routing protocol instead of a distance vector routing protocol? (Choose two.)
The topology database eliminates the need for a routing table.
Frequent periodic updates are sent to minimize the number of incorrect routes in the topological database.
• Routers have direct knowledge of all links in the network and how they are connected.
• After the inital LSA flooding, they generally require less bandwidth to communicate changes in a topology.
Link-state protocols require less router processor power than distance vector protocols.
17
Refer to the exhibit. If all routers and interfaces are configured to use a link-state routing protocol, from which routers will router D receive hello packets?
A and E
• B and C
A, B, C, and E
C only
18 Which two routing protocols use Dijkstra’s shortest path first algorithm? (Choose two.)
RIPv1
RIPv2
• IS-IS
BGP
EIGRP
• OSPF
19 When are link-state packets sent to neighbors?
every 30 seconds
every 180 seconds
after the holddown time expires
• when a link goes up or down
when a routing loop occurs
• floods the LSP to neighbors
calculates the SPF algorithm
runs the Bellman-Ford algorithm
computes the best path to the destination network
2 Why is it difficult for routing loops to occur in networks that use link-state routing?
Each router builds a simple view of the network based on hop count.
Routers flood the network with LSAs to discover routing loops.
• Each router builds a complete and synchronized view of the network.
Routers use hold-down timers to prevent routing loops.
3
Refer to the exhibit. What kind of information would be seen in an LSP sent from router JAX to router ATL?
hop count
uptime of the route
• cost of the link
a list of all the routing protocols in use
4 To achieve network convergence, what three steps does each link state router take? (Choose three.)
use automatic summarization to reduce the size of routing tables
• build a Link State Packet (LSP) containing the state of each directly connected link
• flood the LSP to all neighbors, who then store all LSPs received in a database
discover neighbors and establish adjacencies using the hello packet sent at regular intervals
• construct a complete map of the topology and compute the best path to each destination network
use the DUAL FSM to select efficient, loop-free paths, and insert routes into the routing table
5
Refer to the exhibit. When Router D is configured to use a link-state routing protocol and is added to the network, what is the first thing that it does to begin learning the network topology?
It sends LSP packets to Routers B and C.
It sends LSP packets to all routers in the network.
It sends Hello packets to all routers in the network.
It sends information about its directly connected neighbors to Routers A and E.
It sends information about its directly connected neighbors to all routers in the network.
• It learns about its directly connected networks when its interfaces reach the up state.
6 A new network administrator is given the task of selecting an appropriate dynamic routing protocol for a software development company. The company has over 100 routers, uses CIDR and VLSM, requires fast convergence, and uses both Cisco and non-Cisco equipment. Which routing protocol is appropriate for this company?
RIP version 2
IGRP
EIGRP
• OSPF
BGP
7 What two events will cause a link state router to send LSPs to all neighbors? (Choose two.)
30 second timer expires
• whenever the network topology changes
immediately after the Bellman-Ford algorithm has run
immediately after the DUAL FSM has built the topology database
• upon initial startup of router or routing protocol
8 What is the final step in the link state routing process?
successors are placed into the routing table
• SPF computes best path to each destination network
LSPs are flooded to all neighbors to converge the network
DUAL algorithm is run to find best path to destination networks
9
Refer to the exhibit. What does JAX do with link-state packets from ORL?
sends out its updated routing table to both ORL and BOS routers
• sends out the individual link-state packets out the interface connected to BOS
queries BOS to see if it has a better route
only adds it to the local routing table and performs no other actions
10 What two statements correctly describe the link state routing process? (Choose two.)
• each router in the area floods LSPs to all neighbors
• all routers in the area have identical link state databases
LSPs use the reserved multicast address of 224.0.0.10 to reach neighbors
routing loops are prevented by running the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)
Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP) is the protocol used by for the delivery and reception of LSPs
11 Which database or table must be identical on all link-state routers within an area in order to construct an accurate SPF tree?
routing table
adjacency table
• link-state database
neighbor table
topology database
12
Refer to the exhibit. Which statement correctly describes the path traffic would take from the 10.0.0.0/24 network to the 192.168.1.0/24 network if a link-state routing protocol was in use?
BOS -> ATL because this path is the least hops
BOS -> ATL because this path is highest cost
• BOS -> ORL -> JAX -> ATL because this path is the lowest cost
traffic would load balance across all links
13 What feature do modern link-state protocols provide to minimize processing and memory requirements?
• splitting routing topologies into smaller areas
assigning lower process priorities to route calculations
using update timers to restrict routing updates
strict split horizon rules to reduce routing table entries
14 What speeds up convergence in a network using link-state routing?
• updates triggered by network changes
updates sent at regular intervals
updates sent only to directly connected neighbors
updates that include complete routing tables
15 Which algorithm is run by link-state routing protocols to calculate the shortest path to destination networks?
DUAL
• Dijkstra
Bellman-Ford
Diffie-Hellman
16 What are some of the advantages of using a link-state routing protocol instead of a distance vector routing protocol? (Choose two.)
The topology database eliminates the need for a routing table.
Frequent periodic updates are sent to minimize the number of incorrect routes in the topological database.
• Routers have direct knowledge of all links in the network and how they are connected.
• After the inital LSA flooding, they generally require less bandwidth to communicate changes in a topology.
Link-state protocols require less router processor power than distance vector protocols.
17
Refer to the exhibit. If all routers and interfaces are configured to use a link-state routing protocol, from which routers will router D receive hello packets?
A and E
• B and C
A, B, C, and E
C only
18 Which two routing protocols use Dijkstra’s shortest path first algorithm? (Choose two.)
RIPv1
RIPv2
• IS-IS
BGP
EIGRP
• OSPF
19 When are link-state packets sent to neighbors?
every 30 seconds
every 180 seconds
after the holddown time expires
• when a link goes up or down
when a routing loop occurs
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