CCNA, CCNP, MCSA, CCNA Final Exam, All Answer Test Module With 100/100

A loop avoidance mechanism called STP has been developed to alleviate the 3 issues above. There are two varieties of Spanning Tree Protcol, STP (802.1d) and RSTP ('Rapid' 802.1w) both work in a similar way. A Spanning Tree Algorithm examines the switched network, and, through a series of decisions (discussed below) places each port in the loop into either Forwarding or Blocking state, therefore breaking the loop. Types of port in STP: Designated Port (DP) Closest to Root i.e. All Ports on the Root Switch. Route Port (RP) One Per Switch. Blocking Port. The process the switches go through to decide which port they place in blocking or forwarding state is governed by the position of a 'Root Switch' (also known as 'Root Bridge'): To decide which switch is the root switch, each switch begins by claiming to be the Root Switch they all send out an STP messages called BPDU's (Bridge Protocol Data Unit). A fight-off happens to determine the fi

VLAN's (Virtual Local Area Networks) are a way to structure a network logically; put simply a VLAN is a collection of nodes which are grouped together in a single broadcast domain (address range) that is based on something other than physical location. If a host in a particular VLAN sends a message to a switch it will only forward the message to hosts within the same VLAN. Another way to think of VLAN's is to think that when you split a switch into 2 VLAN's and assign half the ports to VLAN 1 and the other half to VLAN 2, this is the same as if it was two totally separate unlinked switches. A switches internal TCP/IP software resides in VLAN 1 By default all ports belong to VLAN 1 Different VLAN's would also be different broadcast domains VLAN Trunking If you have two switches with VLAN's configured on both you could link the VLANs on individually but this means you need lots of cables and take up lots of switch ports: or You could use 1 cable and one port on e

To setup 2 switches with VLAN's 4 and 5 and link with a trunk in 802.1q mode, for example: conf t  vlan 4 name jim  vlan 5 name claire  int fa0/1  switchport access vlan 4  int fa0/2  switchport access vlan 5  int fa0/11  switchport mode trunk  switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q  exit On older IOS: vlan database vlan 4 name jim vlan 5 name claire exit To view VLAN's use "sh vlan". note: In the example above if Switch 1 is in VTP server mode and switch 2 in client mode, the VLAN information shoud be transmitted on the trunk and appear on switch 2.

What is statistical power? Probability of rejecting false null hypothesis (1-β) 1-β error Probability of retaining true null hypothesis a and b Which of these is not a factor that affects power? (You should practice answering graphically and using an equation.) n (sample size) k (number of groups) σ (variations) α (type 1 error) Error Mean Square is based on mean of group variances T /F In one way ANOVA, when the F value is substantially greater than 1 it means that there is a treatment effect or some sort of difference between the compared groups T /F In an ideal world for any researcher you are testing the effects of one treatment on a group or organisms and there is no demonic intrusion or gradient effects of any kind, which statistical test would you use to ensure that you have the best power possible that will truthfully report any significant difference of these treatments?  Hint: i

Review Notes, v. 3.1 1.1.1 Private addressing 1.1.2 Major NAT and PAT features Dynamic NAT is designed to map a private IP address to a public address. Any IP address from a pool of public IP addresses is assigned to a network host. Overloading, or Port Address Translation (PAT), maps multiple private IP addresses to a single public IP address. Multiple addresses can be mapped to a single address because each private address is tracked by a port number. 1.1.3 Configuring NAT and PAT The access list must permit only those addresses that are to be translated. Remember that there is an implicit “deny all” at the end of each access list. 1.1.4 Configuring DHCP - Typically, a DHCP server will be configured to assign much more than an IP address. Other IP configuration values such as the default gateway can be set from the DHCP configuration mode. Using the default-router command sets the default gateway. - A default router must be defined for clients 2.1.1 WAN devices - For digital lines, a

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